Key Arguments

• Defines ‘gifted by nature’ as ease of learning, ability to infer much from little, good memory, and a body that serves the mind.
• Claims males generally surpass females in these gifts, while acknowledging overlap (many women superior to many men).
• Concludes there is no uniquely female or male faculty of administration; the gifts are ‘alike diffused in both’ but differ in degree.

Source Quotes

By all means. Let us say to him: Come now, and we will ask you a question:—when you spoke of a nature gifted or not gifted in any respect, did you mean to say that one man will acquire a thing easily, another with difficulty; a little learning will lead the one to discover a great deal; whereas the other, after much study and application, no sooner learns than he forgets; or again, did you mean, that the one has a body which is a good servant to his mind, while the body of the other is a hindrance to him?—would not these be the sort of differences which distinguish the man gifted by nature from the one who is ungifted? No one will deny that.

Need I waste time in speaking of the art of weaving, and the management of pancakes and preserves, in which womankind does really appear to be great, and in which for her to be beaten by a man is of all things the most absurd? You are quite right, he replied, in maintaining the general inferiority of the female sex: although many women are in many things superior to many men, yet on the whole what you say is true. And if so, my friend, I said, there is no special faculty of administration in a state which a woman has because she is a woman, or which a man has by virtue of his sex, but the gifts of nature are alike diffused in both; all the pursuits of men are the pursuits of women also, but in all of them a woman is inferior to a man.

You are quite right, he replied, in maintaining the general inferiority of the female sex: although many women are in many things superior to many men, yet on the whole what you say is true. And if so, my friend, I said, there is no special faculty of administration in a state which a woman has because she is a woman, or which a man has by virtue of his sex, but the gifts of nature are alike diffused in both; all the pursuits of men are the pursuits of women also, but in all of them a woman is inferior to a man. Very true.

Key Concepts

• did you mean to say that one man will acquire a thing easily, another with difficulty; a little learning will lead the one to discover a great deal; whereas the other, after much study and application, no sooner learns than he forgets; or again, did you mean, that the one has a body which is a good servant to his mind, while the body of the other is a hindrance to him?
• although many women are in many things superior to many men, yet on the whole what you say is true.
• there is no special faculty of administration in a state which a woman has because she is a woman, or which a man has by virtue of his sex, but the gifts of nature are alike diffused in both; all the pursuits of men are the pursuits of women also, but in all of them a woman is inferior to a man.

Context

Socrates refines ‘nature’ to mean functional capacities, arguing degree not kind differences between sexes in civic arts.

Perspectives

Plato

Accepts the diairesis: role-relevant capacities are common in kind; degree differences justify practical accommodations but not exclusion.

Socrates

Uses a concessive strategy: even granting average inferiority, sameness of kind warrants equal pursuits for those qualified.