Key Arguments

• He declares the foundational maxim that all warfare is based on deception
• He prescribes specific deceptive postures: feigned weakness, inactivity, and distance
• He recommends active measures: baits, feigned disorder, exploiting temperament, denying rest, and striking unprepared points
• He counsels evasion against superior strength and preparation against secure opponents

Source Quotes

18. All warfare is based on deception. 19.

19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. 20.

20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. 21.

21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. 22.

22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. 23.

23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. 24.

24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. 25.

Key Concepts

• All warfare is based on deception.
• Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
• Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
• If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.
• If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
• If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
• Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.

Context

Chapter i. Laying Plans (lines 58–123); operationalization of deception through a catalogue of stratagems.